How does bubble formation affect a photovoltaic module?

Fig. 15 illustrates the Bubble formation affecting the photovoltaic module. Bubbles frequently appear in the center of the cells, caused by the difference of adhesion due to high temperatures in the cell. The bubbles inhibit the heat dissipation of the cells, increase the superheating, reduce the service life of the module, decrease absorption

Why do photovoltaic cells have bubbles?

According to Munoz et al. (2011), the bubbles impede the heat dissipation of the cells, increase the overheating, reduce the lifespan of the module, decrease the solar irradiance absorption, and increase the reflection of sunlight on the photovoltaic module.

Why do PV cells have bubbles in the encapsulant?

During the visual inspection, the formation of bubbles was observed only in the encapsulant above the PV cells within the PV module. However, these bubbles position is consistent with other defects, such as chalking, browning, and bleaching, indicating that these bubbles are distinct from those usually observed. 1. Introduction

How do bubble profiles affect photovoltaic cell absorption?

Finally, optical simulations were performed in a Finite Element Tool (FET) in order to obtain the absorption curves of the c-Si cell in the absence and presence of several bubble profiles. It was concluded that as the total volume of bubbles increases the maximum absorption and spectral absorption of this photovoltaic cell decay.

How does deterioration affect the lifespan of photovoltaic cells?

This deterioration compromises the lifespan of PV cells as it increases the difficulty of dissipating heat. Experimental tests of two degradation types (formation of cracks and formation of bubbles) were carried out on different photovoltaic technologies (c-Si, a-Si, CIGS and organic perovskite cells).

Why do PV modules have bubbles?

According to Sinha et al. (2016) bubbles that appear in PV modules can also reduce their reliability and performance. It is stated that the formation of these bubbles results from the degradation of encapsulation materials such as EVA ( Pern et al., 1996, Peike et al., 2012, Allen et al., 2000, Peike et al., 2013 ).