Are lithium-ion batteries a strategic resource?

This article explores the geopolitical relations and interdependencies emerging in the lithium extraction and manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries. It discusses the characteristics of the lithium-ion battery supply value chain to argue that lithium is not just a strategic resource.

Which countries manufacture lithium-ion batteries?

The following countries have significant lithium-ion battery manufacturing capacity: Australia, Spain, Canada, Portugal, United States, Switzerland, Thailand, Finland, France, Belgium, Japan, Italy, Poland, World, Indonesia, Greece, Mexico, China, South Africa, Netherlands, Chile, and Korea. [Chart and data by the International Energy Agency].

Where are lithium batteries made?

The most prominent feature of the LIB value chain is the remarkable technological and manufacturing concentration in Asia (China, Japan, and Korea) (see Figure 3). In terms of battery components (cathodes, anodes, separators), more than 65% of the capacity is concentrated in China, followed by Japan.

What are lithium ion battery cells?

Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells LIBs are electrochemical cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy (and vice versa). They consist of negative and positive electrodes (anode and cathode, respectively), both of which are surrounded by the electrolyte and separated by a permeable polyolefin membrane (separator).

What are the benefits of lithium ion battery manufacturing?

The benefit of the process is that typical lithium-ion battery manufacturing speed (target: 80 m/min) can be achieved, and the amount of lithium deposited can be well controlled. Additionally, as the lithium powder is stabilized via a slurry, its reactivity is reduced.

What materials are used in a lithium ion battery?

Li-ion battery (LIB) cells demand a variety of resources such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, aluminum, copper, silicon, tin, titanium, and carbon (natural graphite).